Privacy Policy Contact Us Southern apologists claimed the master-slave relationship was more humane than employer-worker relationships because it, The invention that permitted the great expansion of cotton cultivation was the, The typical way for most slaves to express discontent was. Sig= gave blacks a sense of purpose and greater self esteem. Still, by the beginning of the nineteenth century a large number of Southerners in fact opposed slavery (Hudson 1987, p. 190). Myth of the Lost Cause-America's Most Successful Propaganda - History John C. Calhoun, shown here in a ca. The term Lost Cause was first used by Edward A . did not create uniform prosperity throughout the region. yes, about 75% in 1860; they were mainly subsistence farmers who concentrated on corn and hogs did non-slaveowning southern whites support slavery? APUSH Chapter 16 Flashcards | Quizlet The condition of society in the South exempts us from the disorders and dangers resulting from this conflict; and which explains why it is that the political condition of the slaveholding States has been so much more stable and quiet than that of the North. Thirty-nine days after Lincoln's inauguration, the first shots were fired at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, which marked the onset of the U.S. Civil War. They found ample support for slavery in both the Old and New Testaments and pointed out that the great civilizations of the ancient worldEgypt, Greece, and Romewere slave societies. When the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), embodying the principle of popular sovereignty, opened Kansas and Nebraska to slaveryland that had long been reserved for the westward expansion of the free statesNortherners began to organize themselves into an antislavery political party, called in some states the Anti-Nebraska Democratic Party and in others the Peoples Party but in most places the Republican Party. Palmer then swings back to a more practical argument: that the Northand the world beyondneeds to maintain the status quo in the South just as much as the South needs it: "[The] world has grown more and more dependent on [slavery] for sustenance and wealth the enriching commerce has been largely established upon the products of our soil: and the blooms upon southern fields gathered by black hands, have fed the spindles and looms of Manchester and Birmingham not less than of Lawrence and Lowell" (Palmer 1860, pp. At the time of the Civil War, there were approximately ________ slaves in the South. I appeal to facts. The Southern apologist were people from the southern parts of the united states who argued in favour of slavery. While many members of the Southern clergy (some of whom were men of national distinction) privately had questions about slavery, many others did notand in fact saw slavery as sanctioned by the Bible. Abraham, the "father of faith," and all the patriarchs held slaves without God's disapproval (Gen. 21:9-10). Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. A large portion of the Northern States believed slavery to be a sin, and would consider it as an obligation of conscience to abolish it if they should feel themselves in any degree responsible for its continuance. children who required constant supervision. Southerners referred to the founding doctrine of the U.S., the Declaration of Independence. document.getElementById( "ak_js_3" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); JSTOR Daily provides context for current events using scholarship found in JSTOR, a digital library of academic journals, books, and other material. Origins of the abolition movement Opposition to slavery started as a moral and religious movement centered on the belief that everyone was equal in the eyes of God. One of the most prominent Southern Presbyterian preachers of the time, James Henley Thornwell (18121862), pointedly referred to the conflict at hand as being "not merely [between] abolitionists and slaveholdersthey are atheists, socialists, communists, red republicans, jacobins [the radical party in the French Revolution, responsible for the Reign of Terror of 17931794] on the one side, and the friends of order and regulated freedom on the other" (Farmer 1999, p. 11). New York: Neale Publishing Company, 1911. His newspaper, The Liberator, lived up to its promise that it would not equivocate in its war against slavery. Defenders of the institution also lashed out directly at abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison for daring to call into question their way of life. What did the young children of plantation slaves do while their parents worked? Which practice provides the best evidence against the idea of benevolent planters who looked after the best welfare of their slaves? Economists and business leaders did this by pointing out that the agricultural South needed the labor provided by slaves. Escaped from slavery to become one of the most . The North also produced defenders of slavery, including Louis Agassiz, a Harvard professor of zoology and geology. Which statement is true of cotton agriculture in the pre-Civil War era? John Lafayette Girardeau (18251898), the Presbyterian preacher at a small church off the coast of South Carolina, held services for both white and black parishioners and then separate services for slaves. There were three main causes of the civil war including slavery, sectionalism and secession. The moral component of the argument fell into the hands of the clergyand a surprisingly large number of Southern ministers offered a rational moral justification for slavery. The Confederate States Army, also called the Confederate Army or the Southern Army, was the military land force of the Confederate States of America (commonly referred to as the Confederacy) during the American Civil War (18611865), fighting against the United States forces in order to uphold the institution of. A video of the rapper Kanye West discussing slavery is a sad reminder of America's historical amnesia about the brutal realities of that institution. 1011). Which identifies an advantage to slaves living on large plantations with stable slave populations? What were the main ideas of the Confederate Constitution? half were in the north and half were in the south, but many were in Louisiana. Sig= showed the absolute subjugation of slaves at this time. Moreover, in addition to their sincerity of faith, the slaves valued religion because it gave them an opportunity to communicate with their fellow slaves in a more relaxed and natural way. The Declaration of Independence had originally been referring to Great Britain's rule on the colonies in 1776. Sold tons of land to newcomers. This message was accepted gladly both by whites and a significant number of slaves. Figure 1. Slavery is the unconditional servitude of one individual to another. In the North, the abolitionist cause was the driving force behind the message from religious institutions and theologians. How many times is slavery mentioned in the constitution? Southern ministers had written the majority of all published defenses of slavery, Jemison reminds us. In what ways does Calhoun use legal arguments to defend the idea that Congress cannot interfere in the institution of slavery? Such a tariff, he and others concluded, would disproportionately harm the South, which relied heavily on imports, and benefit the North, which would receive protections for its manufacturing centers. Planters who owned large plantation houses with at least fifty slaves made up ______ percent of the white population in the South in 1860. . They argued that inequality in society was inevitable. few did because of the competition with slave labor, a former slave/the Barber of Natchez who owned slaves and property, no, they were prohibited from working in certain occupations and testifying against whites in court; they could be sold back into slavery; some states forbid their entrance, most forbid them from voting, and some forbid them from public schools, no, Congress outlawed it in 1808, but thousands were smuggled in. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. What does this image reveal about the methods of those who advocated polygenism? . White southerners keen on preserving the institution of slavery bristled at what they perceived to be northern attempts to deprive them of their livelihood. Abolitionists were a divided group. . (April 27, 2023). what did white southern apologists believe? Who profited most from the union of slavery and cotton production? It came under the leadership of William Lloyd Garrison, a Boston journalist and social reformer. On the more extreme side were figures like John Brown, who believed an armed rebellion of enslaved people in the South was the quickest route to end human bondage in the United States. European settlers brought a system of slavery with them to the western hemisphere in the 1500s. 255-268. . A common explanation is that the Civil War was fought over the moral issue of slavery. . This entry includes 2 subentries: In the 1830s, southern apologists in the South argued that slavery was a "positive good" because it allowed an elegant lifestyle for white elites and provided protection for inferior Africans. In it, the idea is presented that a country could change governments when the one in power was no longer right for the people. I have had my finger joints stripped of the skin in consequence of them (White 1911, p. 301). it required southern postmasters to destroy it and told southern state officials to arrest federal postmasters who did not comply, no, many northerners wanted to keep the clauses on slavery in the Constitution, those who did not want to fully abolish slavery but prevent it from extending it west, an organization created in the Great Depression that hired people to improve culture, including interviewing remaining former slaves from Virginia to Texas for three years; most of the slaves were very old and/or had been very young when enslaved, so they weren't as useful. they founded the American Antislavery Society, along with Wendell Phililps, he ran an abolitionist newspaper in (free) Illinois but was murdered in 1837 after a Missouri pro-slavery group broke into his house and destroyed his equipment, southern abolitionists who grew up on a plantation but thought the idea was wrong; their speeches were successful because of the experience, he was influenced by Charles Grandison Finney and appealed to rural farmers; with help from Arthur and Lewis Tappan, he went to the Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati in 1832; he was expelled for organizing a debate on slavery in 1834 but proceeded to preach antislavery with other Lane Rebels; in 1839, he compiled the propaganda pamphlet American Slavery as It Is, headmaster of the Lane Theological Seminary in the early 1830s, he published the antislavery newspaper The Liberator in Boston beginning in 1831 and proposed ideas as to how to end slavery immediately; on July 4, 1854, he burned a copy of the Constitution. Which statement best describes a major disadvantage to the extensive cotton production that took place in the Deep South? The Antebellum South Under the pressure of worldwide public opinion, slavery was completely abolished in its last remaining Latin American strongholds, Cuba and Brazil, in 188086 and 188388 respectively, and thus the enslavement of persons of African descent by legal regimes ceased to exist as a Western phenomenon. Texans were wiped out by Mexican forces. no, by 1860, the majority of southern slaves had become Americanized. All rights reserved. Instead, Calhoun insisted, slavery was a "positive good.". If a former slave could not prove he or she had been legally freed, then he or she was likely to be. The Origins of the Lost Cause Myth | History News Network Families stayed intact and both parents typically shared in the child-rearing duties. The first was their loyalty to the South and to the Southern way of life. Maintaining slavery, many Southerners believed, was doing the slaves a favor. 6 (June 1860): 401409. James Russell Lowell, whose emotional balance was cited by a biographer as proof that abolitionists need not have been unstable, urged, in contrast to Garrison, that the world must be healed by degrees. Also of importance was the work of free Blacks such as David Walker and Robert Forten and formerly enslaved persons such as Frederick Douglass, who had the clearest of all reasons to work for the cause but who shared some broader humanitarian motives with their white coworkers. JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization helping the academic community use digital technologies to preserve the scholarly record and to advance research and teaching in sustainable ways. . Southern apologists argued that the institution of slavery was a "positive good" because it subsidized an elegant lifestyle for a white elite and provided tutelage for genetically inferior Africans. The New South This 1857 illustration by an advocate of polygenism indicates that the Negro occupies a place between the Greeks and chimpanzees. The rest of Palmer's sermon is an exhortation to stand firm against the reformers and the Northeven if that means secession. when was the last official count of slaves? Planters often broke up families and sold family members to distant plantations. In the 1840s and 50s, Northerners and Southerners took increasingly adamant stands on the question of permitting or outlawing slavery in new Western territories, a matter with the potential to alter the regional balance of power in the country. did non-slaveowning southern whites support slavery? the belief that people of African descent were mentally and morally inferior, The internal slave trade in the Unites States ran from the, During the nineteenth century, the center of cotton production. Palmer continues with the practical dimension of his argument: Need I pause to show how this system of servitude underlies and supports our material interests? The sermon, entitled "The South: Her Peril, and Her Duty" was delivered as part of a thanksgiving service on November 29, 1860 at the First Presbyterian Church of New Orleans, Louisiana, where Palmer was a minister. During the Second Seminole War of 1835-1842. many escaped slaves hiding in Florida fought with the Native Americans against U.S. soldiers. to enact gradual voluntary emancipation for slaves. After several years of teaching, I transitioned into the world of educational consulting. Members of this group fully supported slavery. Because they were welcomed into the churches, they felt a sense of belonging that they felt in almost no other sphere of their existence. . In the 1830s, southern apologists in the South argued that slavery was a "positive good" because it allowed an elegant lifestyle for white elites and provided protection for inferior Africans. The slaves in particular enjoyed Girardeau's sermons, and he noted their enthusiasm: [They] pour in and throng the seats vacated by their mastersyes, crowding the building up to the pulpit. Once again, the status of slavery in the territories became a hot issue. Slave owners believed they helped enslaved people by providing food, shelter, and clothing while relieving them of responsibility. How then can the hand of violence be laid upon it without involving our existence? . (Palmer 1860, p. 8). See also slavery. Having split from co-denominations in the North over the theological justification of slavery in the 1840s, southern Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches refused to reconcile themselves to a new reality in the 1860s and 1870s. Some prominent proslavery southern politicians, such as William L. Yancey of Alabama and John Slidell of Louisiana, were either raised in the North or northerners by birth. mandated by the United States Constitution. Abolition and the Abolitionists - National Geographic Society He would become an insufferable burden to society. What was the primary source of income for most yeoman farmers? In the South, however, clergy were confronted with trying to defend slavery. Even northern theologians agreed on the necessary subordination of women: Charles Hodge, who held an influential position at Princeton Theological Seminary, wrote We believe that the general good requires us to deprive the whole female sex of the right of self-government.. Southerners, to justify the loss of some 260 thousand men, had to try to understand, from their perspective, why God slept while they fought. Image Source: Wikimedia.. continue reading 299300). 72, No. Is Uc San Diego The Same As University Of San Diego? Rather than emphasize that slavery was a profitable labor system essential to the health of the southern economy, apologists turned to the Bible and history. There was a greater sense of community and better living conditions on plantations. Why did southern states secede over slavery? What Did The Confederate Constitution Say About Slavery? This was because slavery was defined as akin to a marriage: the power of slave owners over slaves paralleled the power of husbands over wives and of parents over children., The father/master was supposed to be a benevolent and paternalistic overseer of all family (and property) members. What Are 5 Warning Signs That A Tornado May Occur? promin, Slavery 1830s. in 1861. In making their defense of slavery, they critiqued wage labor in the North. Did the Confederacy have the right to secede? The defrocking ceremony was meant to humiliate a disgraced member of the clergy while discouraging laypeople from viewing him as a martyr. The focus on a single industry that was profitable only to a small minority prevented industrial and commercial growth. Garrisons uncompromising tone infuriated not only Southerners but many Northerners as well and was long treated as though it were typical of abolitionism in general. From the 1820s until the start of the U.S. Civil War, abolitionists called on the federal government to prohibit the ownership of people in the Southern states. Encyclopedia.com. For decades afterward, veterans and civilian survivors of the war, even those who agreed that slavery was an indefensible system, commemorated the Confederacy's spirited fight for self-determination. what did the federal government do in 1835 about abolitionist material? 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Disquisition on Government advanced a profoundly anti-democratic argument. A slave is usually acquired by purchase and legally described as chattel, Opposition to slavery in British North America began in the late seventeenth century but was limited mostly to a minority of Quakers and a few Purita, Woolman, John this video from Heimlers History channel to learn more about some of the main pro-slavery arguments, https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/12-3-wealth-and-culture-in-the-south, https://cnx.org/contents/NgBFhmUc@14.3:iQkwpaR_@8/6-25-%E2%9C%92%EF%B8%8F-John-C-Calhoun-Slavery-as-a-Positive-Good-1837#fs-idm205300544. The seven states of the Deep South seceded before Lincoln took office. //]]>. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/slavery-apologists, "The Slavery Apologists In the North, the abolitionist cause was the driving force behind the message from religious institutions and theologians. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Curiously, despite their status as personal property rather than as individuals, slaves were welcomed and even encouraged to attend church services. Who was the most influential spokesman for the common school movement? You cannot download interactives. At the other end of the abolitionist spectrum and in between stood such men and women as Theodore Weld, James Gillespie Birney, Gerrit Smith, Theodore Parker, Julia Ward Howe, Lewis Tappan, Salmon P. Chase, and Lydia Maria Child, all of whom represented a variety of stances, all more conciliatory than Garrisons. George Fitzhugh, a southern writer of social treatises, was a staunch supporter of slavery, not as a necessary evil but as what he argued was a necessary good, a way to take care of enslaved persons and keep them from being a burden on society. Such other denominations as the Lutherans, Episcopalians, and Roman Catholics were affected by the slavery issue, although they did not have any formal separations until after the secession began (Hudson 1987, p. 193). His wife, however, had inherited several slaves. Reprinted in Early American Writing Lincoln's famous "House Divided" speech of 1858 only. That it is inconsistent with a perfect statethat it is not absolutely a good, a blessingthe most strenuous defender of slavery ought not to permit himself to deny" (White 1911, p. 298). C. They felt free Black people were treated worse than the enslaved people in the South. I then predicted that it would commence as it has with this fanatical portion of society, and that they would begin their operations on the ignorant, the weak, the young, and the thoughtless and gradually extend upwards till they would become strong enough to obtain political control. But a number of factors combined to give the movement increased momentum, particularly as abolitionisms cause became caught up in the undercurrents of sectionalism. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Slavery and Civil War Flashcards | Quizlet System that fed slaves to the Cotton South. How did apologists describe the institution of slavery before the 1830s? What did Southern apologists believe about slavery quizlet? That, suggests. Gale Library of Daily Life: American Civil War. The pursuit of happiness is often considered an ideal, but it may be possible to have too muchor the wrong kindof a good thing. Southern apologists argued that the institution of slavery was a "positive good" because it subsidized an elegant lifestyle for a white elite and provided tutelage for genetically inferior Africans. Affluent plantation owners thought that the middle class society in the north was terrible. Extolling "our faith that the negro is one blood with us," Thornwell goes on to admit that slavery itself may not be a perfect system: "Slavery is a part of the curse which sin has introduced into the world and stands in the same general relation to Christianity as poverty, sickness, disease and death. The typical great planter of the pre-Civil War South was. On March 3, 1861, the day before President Abraham Lincoln's inauguration, General Winfield Scott proposed four alternatives for dealing with the secession crisis. did immigrants become cotton farmers in the south? D. They wanted a gradual end to slavery in the South. The split between Northern and Southern religious leaders began well before the start of the Civil War. Confederate Constitution explicitly supported slavery and asserted state rights. About the American Prison Newspapers Collection, Submissions: American Prison Newspapers Collection. The practice of slavery is one of humankind's most deeply rooted institutions. He and his supporters were known, after all, as "black Republicans," a term purposefully designed to conjure an image of radical abolitionism. they tightened slave codes and prohibited both voluntary and compensated emancipation. . was cotton an important factor of the economy? Hudson, Winthrop S. Religion in America. The Life and Letters of Benjamin Morgan Palmer. Indeed, Virginians cited Garrison as the instigator of Nat Turners 1831 rebellion. In other words, Thornwell explains, slavery is simply part of the human condition that highlights human imperfections and that should make individuals work harder to tackle those imperfections. The Presbyterian Church divided itself into two factionsthe "Old School" (which did not condemn slavery) in the South and the "New School" (staunchly antislavery) in the North. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1994. The Confederate version used the word slaves, unlike the U.S. Constitution. . Figure 2. New Orleans, LA: n.p., 1860. 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what did southern apologists believe about slavery quizlet