J. (eds.) (2015) Insights from the Field. (1976) Question Formation in Some Bantu Languages. (2015) Illustrations of the IPA: Bemba. & & Figure 3.30 Fehn T. Hamlaoui Summary. M. In Ngungwel B72a, there are three oral and three nasal vowels in prefixes [e a o e ]. 2016). Figure 3.27 A particularly interesting claim is made by Mathangwane (1999) concerning her pronunciation of parallel forms in Kalanga S16. Pienaar Mathangwane, J. T. E. D. Fang A75 vowel formant means. & The majority of Bantu languages with some notable exceptions, particularly in the North-West have simple-looking systems of five or seven vowels in which the expected relationships between the features of vowel height, backness and rounding hold. Fwe vowel formant means according to measurements by the second author on recordings made available by Hilde Gunnink. (2014) Chain Shifts, Strident Vowels, and Expanded Vowel Spaces. This figure makes clear that the expansion of the cavity is not solely due to moving the location of the back closure further back. (eds. Berkeley Linguistics Society 60(2): 7197. R. A. Research the following groups: Bantu, French Canadians (Quebecois), and Basques. Co-occurrence restrictions of a harmonic nature between vowels, very typical of sub-Saharan African languages, are quite commonly found in Bantu languages, though often limited in extent, e.g., only applying in certain morphological contexts, such as between verb roots and extensions. Click consonants do not occur Herero R31, Umbundu R11, Totela K41 or Lozi K21, nor are they found in languages of the Wambo R20 cluster, such as Kwanyama R21, Mbalanhu R214 and Ndonga R22. (1899) Grundri einer Lautlehre der Bantusprachen nebst Anleitung zur Aufnahme von Bantusprachen Anhang : Verzeichnis von Bantuwortstmmen L. M. South-West and South-East Bantu languages with clicks. Bostoen 36(1): 6792. Figure 3.19 & A. Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation, 885889. | Africa | Cambridge Core Home > Journals > Africa > Volume 19 Issue 1 > The Classification of the Bantu Languages. (2010) Accent in African Languages. In each case the putatively [ATR] vowel has a substantially higher first formant (hence a lower position on the chart) than its harmonic counterpart. 19: 111131. (2011) Bantu Substratum Interference in Mozambican Portuguese Speech Varieties. Cambridge; Oxford: Blackwell. . 11: 127149. Trenton; Asmara: Africa World Press. (1969) Bantu Lexical Reconstructions. (1995) Toward a Theory of Phonological and Phonetic Timing: Evidence from Bantu. Collins Figure 3.7 . In the Gur language Minyanka, the pharyngeal fricative [] is a variant of // (Dombrowsky-Hahn 1999: 52). She reports that the labial closure is formed first. , Nurse, D. Though most Bantu languages are reported as having voiced and voiceless series of plosives, three-way contrasts in plosives based on Voice Onset Time (VOT) do occur. Miller, A. (eds. & Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Doke, C. M. Paper presented at the 91st Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Austin Texas, 58 January 2017. Mbalangwe K401 has clicks, but whether it is a sociolect of Subiya K42 (Maho 1998: 51) or of Yeyi (Baumbach 1997: 307) is unclear. Greenberg, J. H. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The Bantu Languages, 2019. Dorsal closures for all three click types in Thomas-Vilakatis data are held for about 175 milliseconds, but the front closures show some significant timing differences. In Figure 3.4 (1931b) Report on the Unification of the Shona Dialects. Carstens, V. Braver, A. (eds. Each point represents the mean of six measurements, three of isolated vowel tokens, plus three tokens in final vowels in /alV/ nonsense words. The dorsal constriction of clicks in Fwe is typically velar. T. (2013), Proctor et al. As (1997) Languages of the Eastern Caprivi. Contacted electrodes are shown as black squares and uncontacted ones as grey dots. Oxford; Cambridge: Blackwell. Twelve Bantu languages are spoken by more than five million people, including Rundi, Rwanda, Shona, Xhosa, and Zulu. Downing, L. J. Gunnink, H. Sells & Malambe, G. B. , the anterior click burst has a higher amplitude than the velar release burst, as is typical for clicks cross-linguistically. Multiple tone heights As indicated, most Bantu languages have an underlying two-height system, whether privative or equipollent. , it can be seen that in Xhosa S41 /e o/ are located almost equidistant from the high vowels /i u/ and the low vowel /a/. , Phonological theories, phonetic theories, and hypotheses about patterns of sound change can be tested in this real-world laboratory, ensuring the popularity of Bantu languages as subjects of research for years to come. & van Oostendorp, M. Louw Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan System. In & shows very clearly that independent tongue root adjustment does not contribute to the distinctions between any members of the front vowel set /i e /, nor the back vowel set /u o /. 1111-1120 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the School of Oriental and African Studies Klner Afrikawissenschaftlichen Nachwuchstagung (KANT I), 119. Bloomington: Indiana University, PhD. & This would therefore be an important counter-example to the more common pattern found in labial-velar doubly articulated segments in other languages in which the labial closure is formed very slightly later (1015 ms) than the velar one. 32(2): 113121. de Schryver Spectrogram of Rwanda JD61 imwa [im They occur in two separate geographical clusters, the South-East (SEB) and the South-West (SWB), as shown in Lodhi Lovestrand, J. Bo & Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Figure 3.22 Palatogram of [ana] spoken by a Soga JE16 speaker. & , & 2016) and Fwe K402 (Gunnink 2016). M. Maddieson, I. Journal of Phonetics 2: 6697. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Zsiga, E. C. & Acoustic evidence for tongue root retraction of vowels in several Bantu languages has been provided by Starwalt (2008). This is the mean across three speakers, two male and one female. & L. J. There are thus seven phonetic qualities among the nasalised vowels, but no contrast between all seven in any environment. The question of the role of ATR interacts with the question of the nature of the high vowels, as the *super-high/*high contrast might have been an expression of an ATR contrast or transformed into one in daughter languages. Bostoen Variation in the realisation of voiceless nasals is at least in part correlated with position in a word. Examples of the Rwanda JD61 strengthening of an underlying /u/ or /w/ into a velar stop after a non-homorganic nasal or stop are illustrated by the spectrograms in Zerbian, S. Sock, R. There are many important interactions between these three aspects of phonetic structure and some of these will be taken up at the point where it seems appropriate to do so. In , Pretoria: J.L. Since the Bantu languages have received very extensive historical analysis, this group of languages also provides a fertile field for examining inferences about the nature of phonetic sound change. The ATR/RTR contrast in Nande JD42 is also suggested by the harmonic behaviour and acoustic characteristics of vowels. and . , Journal of Phonetics . African Studies (1998) Phonetic Assessment of Tone Spreading. M. Kuperus, J. Elderkin & ), Beitrge zur 1. (2015) High Vowel Fricativization as an Areal Feature of the Northern Cameroon Grassfields. Austin: University of Texas, PhD dissertation. In K. Clicks have not been reported for Manda group languages and are unlikely to occur unless efforts to revitalise Malawian Ngoni on a Zulu model prove effective (Kishindo 2002). (1994) South Meets North: Ilwana=Bantu+Cushitic on Kenyas Tana River. Post-alveolar clicks have the greatest rarefaction, lateral clicks the least, perhaps because the contra-lateral bracing of the tongue in the lateral clicks may constrain the amount of tongue-center lowering that is possible. In addition, there may be retraction of the tongue tip, dorsum or tongue root for some clicks (Miller 2008, Miller & Finch 2011). Huffman, M. K. (2012) Introducing Kwasio Pharyngealized Vowels. , & Gunnink Oxford: Oxford University Press. While the deviations from the "pure" type are recognized, this typological method is the chief one utilized in untangling the complex African linguistic situation. Baumbach, E. J. M. Schwartz, J.-L. A. to other Bantu languages since they share similar phonological structures. Figure 3.30 (2002) describe it as an unreleased voiced palatal implosive [] before a voiceless stop or affricate, e.g., in [paka] moth. MRI scans indicate that this segment is appropriately viewed as a hyperarticulation of the vowel /i/. (2011) Perceived Vowel Duration in Civili: Minimal Pairs and the Effect of Post-Vocalic Voicing. , (1992) tude du systeme vocalique fang par rsonance magntique. (1999b) Tone Association and F0 Timing in Chichewa. Each point represents the mean of 20 or 30 measurements on minimal sets of words differing only in the penultimate vowel, spoken by a male speaker. ed. ), Tabasaranskie Etjudy, 616. Dashed vertical lines mark the onset and offset of the bilabial closure. Cape Town: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society. In Kalanga S16, on the other hand, the vowels are crowded into the upper part of the vowel space, with the front pair in particular being very close together. , with no difference in meaning. The total number of Bantu languages is estimated at between 440 and 680 distinct languages . R. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies Figure 3.3 A. 2011, Boyer & Zsiga 2013). In , (1980) Nasale suivie de consonne sourde en proto-bantu. Gowlett, D. F. Omar J. S. B. Tonga M64 does not preserve Proto-Bantu vowel length, but has developed long vowels from intervocalic consonant loss. EPG frames showing a dental click spoken by a male Zulu S42 speaker. a given language is to be accepted as Bantu. Egert, M. In (2003) Kilimanjaro Bantu (E60 and E74). (2006) Low Vowels andTtransparency in Kinande Vowel Harmony. | Terms & conditions. Figure 3.3 (2012) Clicks in South-Western Bantu Languages: Contact-Induced Vs. Language-Internal Lexical Change. Zamba C322 and Ganda JE15 raise a final High tone in question prosody. The pharyngealised /o/ in Passy, P. Kerremans, R. Figure 3.1 Table 3.1 Miller, A. Guthrie, M. In Kim, S.-A. 2002, Bostoen 2008). In several areas earlier voiceless prenasalised stops have developed into voiceless nasals or related types of segments, including in Sukuma F21 (Maddieson 1991), Pokomo E71, Bondei G24 (Huffman & Hinnebusch 1998), Kalanga S16 (Mathangwane 1998) and Rwanda JD61 (Demolin & Delvaux 2001). Yehia, H. C. Kodzasov, S. V. ), Advances in African Linguistics, 265280. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. Figure 3.19 & Monaka Hyman Other studies of coarticulation in Bantu languages have not looked at voicing contrasts (Manuel 1987, Beddor et al. Bantu languages, a group of some 500 languages belonging to the Bantoid subgroup of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. An alternation of some kind is probably to be reconstructed to an early stage, possible even pre-Bantu. (eds. (1987) on depressor consonants in Zulu S42. (2017) How Do You Whisper a Click? V. (2013) The Impact of Khoesan on Southern Bantu. Haacke, W. H. G. Chichewa is a Bantu language spoken principally in the area of Africa lying in the Great Rift Valley. (1995) Nasal Consonant Harmony at a Distance: The Case of Yaka. . Pharyngealised vowels /i u o a/ have been reported for Kwasio A81 (Duke & Martin 2012). Paper presented at Special Workshop on Areal Features and Linguistic Reconstruction, 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 2326 March, 2016, University of California, Berkeley. (ed. Heins Mathangwane, J. T. Manuel, S. Y. Downing, L. J. Meeussen, A. E. E. Contour tones may be restricted to heavy syllables. Book Description. C. A.-M. B. (eds. & Fridjhon , Figure 3.32 (eds. 16: 385400. Figure 3.25 Mutaka (2009) Phonology and Phonetics of Tone in Northern Sotho, a Southern Bantu language. The waveform of an intervocalic bilabial implosive in Tonga S62 is shown in L. Finally, the T. J. , Mickey VOT differs, as expected, between voiced, voiceless unaspirated and aspirated stop categories in Kgalagari S311, and it also varies by place of articulation within each category. & 11(2): 206223. Bantu peoples, the approximately 85 million speakers of the more than 500 distinct languages of the Bantu subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family, occupying almost the entire southern projection of the African continent. The pair /u u/ where F2 is the same are thus quite likely (almost) solely different in pharynx width. & London: Gregg International. Print ISBN: 9781138799677 54: 93108. The most extensive body of work on the phonetics of tone in a single Bantu language concerns Chewa N31b (Carleton 1996, Myers 1996, Myers & Carleton 1996, Myers 1999a, b). Lee, S. J. Thus, a click can be accompanied by simple glottal closure, by modal or breathy voicing, by open vocal folds, or by use of the ejective mechanism. Because the place of the dorsal closure is not contrastive, it is not necessary to indicate the (velar in this case) place before the click type symbol. 17(2): 6581. Language The term argument is defined by Trask (1993:20) as "a noun phrase . . In Bantu, this is typically not the case; the vocal folds are in the normal position for voicing. & , Bradfield, J. Lee Y. B. & , The phonetic realisation of dental and alveolar consonants is dependent on the airstream mechanism. Spectrogram of Rwanda JD61 akabwa [akab M. , Nagano-Madsen, Y. An interesting issue is therefore whether the Bantu languages, particularly those with seven or more vowels, make use of the ATR feature in this phonetic sense. . Olson, K. (eds. 2011: 2127). Mumin Y. Phonology In South-West Bantu languages, Yeyi has these three click types as well as a contrastive laminal post-alveolar type //, variously called alveolar or palatal in different sources. F. Bastin, Y. (ed. Los Angeles: UCLA Department of Linguistics (Available online at. and van Zanten Ngcobo As these show, the first segment is released before the closure for the second is formed. Pakendorf Gunnink N. C. Bresch Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. Gouskova Doke, C. M. . Miller et al. & (2002) Language-Specific Patterns of Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation: Acoustic Structures and Their Perceptual Correlates. Pater Schadeberg, T. C. M. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Bladon, A. Belgian Journal of Linguistics M.-L. 17: 331. , The Classification of the Bantu Languages. & Clem Pretoria: Via Afrika. Poulos, G. (1982) Fonetika Tabasaranskogo jazyka. (1989) An Acoustic and Perceptual Analysis of Xhosa Vowels. Probert , & (1994) Duration in Moraic Theory. Austin, P. K. Pretoria: University of South Africa. (1970a) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. A majority of Bantu languages have a tonal distinction of High and Low tones, which often may combine into contour tones. Proceedings of the North Eastern Linguistic Society B. (2014) Bantu Spirantization Is a Reflex of Vowel Spirantization. Hardcastle, W. J. Journal of the International Phonetic Association Brockhaus. Traill, A. Trinta & Acoustic Correlates of Click Voicing in Whispered Speech. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. (1999) Phnomnes de contact entre les langues minyanka et bambara (Sud du Mali). (1993) Phonetics of Partially Nasal Consonants. & (ed. (1995) On the Perception and Production of Tone in Xhosa. Both languages have contrasts of vowel quantity and compensatory lengthening of vowels before prenasalised stops, but there are interesting differences between the two. She shows that voiceless palatal and velar stops tend to have longer VOT measurements than bilabial, dental or uvular stops (Monaka 2005). Bostoen, K. R. In Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences Hombert, J. M. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society. Hon Schadeberg (2016) Stem-Initial Accent and C-Emphasis Prosody in North-Western Bantu. These data suggest that transcription of this vowel set as [i e a o u], as in , A. Rialland The Western Bantu Tradition Most of Central Africa was colonized by farmers stemming from a single area in Nigeria near the border of Cameroon. During this time, rarefaction is occurring. 45(1): 6169. The Structure of a Bantu Language with Special Reference to Swahili, or Form and Function through Bantu Eyes Author(s): E. O. Ashton Source: Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol. J. S. M. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Gunnink, H. Gunnink, H. Makuya & M. (1954) The Southern Bantu Languages. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Voll, R. who has little or no knowledge of the Bantu languages with enough information to adequately understand the subsequent acquisition chapters. Figure 3.27 3: 79121. Ashby, S. (1967) Bantu Grammatical Reconstructions. There are several hundred Bantu languages. , Bokamba, E. G. B. | Free trial (1996) Boundary Tones and the Phonetic Implementation of Tone in Chichewa. , is appropriate rather than the [i e a o u] preferred by Maganga and Schadeberg (1992). Pp. The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015. Maddieson, I. 25, Minneapolis. Miller, A. Both surveys reveal a great deal of variety across Bantu languages. Figure 3.8 Ndinga-Koumba-Binza, H. S. Tonga M64 has long vowels but does not show any compensatory lengthening before NC. | Contact us | Help & FAQs 1989, Pongweni 1990). Shosted, R. K. In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (ed. M. N. Fulop, S. A. Clicks have also been reported to occur in Chopi S61 (Bailey 1995) and in the Mzimba variety of Tumbuka N21 (Moyo 1995). Romero, J. (2015) A surface constraint in Xitsonga: *Li. However, the original notion of a depressor consonant is quite different from this expanded use. Studies in African Linguistics Another special laryngeal action occurs in the depressor consonants which are characteristic of certain Bantu languages of the Eastern and Southern regions. https://www.britannica.com/art/Bantu-languages, Royal Society of Chemistry Publishing - Cultural phylogeography of the Bantu Languages of sub-Saharan Africa. G. For example, the word meaning armpit, transcribed by Mathangwane as [apka], could receive three pronunciations [hakwa] with no labial closure, [hapxa] with a labial stop followed by a fairly long velar fricative, or [hapka] with a sequence of stops with clearly separate releases, as illustrated in Kwasio A81 pharyngealised vowels differ significantly in vowel quality compared to their non-pharyngealised counterparts. Aspects of the original sequencing of nasal + oral and voiced + voiceless portions found in prenasalised stops are sometimes retained and small variations in the timing and magnitude of the different component gestures create quite large variability in the acoustic pattern of these segments as critical alignments are made or missed. Aborobongui Roux E. Gick, B. G. , , Differences in lip posture appear to enhance the contrast between labio-dental /f v/ and labial fricatives / / in Kwangali K33 and in Manyo K332 (Ladefoged 1990). This is usually discussed as a contrast between advanced and retracted (or neutral) tongue root position, i.e., ATR. (2016a) Intonation in African Tone Languages. Monaka Seifert Articulatory positions of six of the vowels of Fang A75 (variety of Bitam). Hendrikse 71(1): 5081.
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