By clicking on the publication numbers listed below, you can access electronic versions of the documents available as Adobe PDF files. From 1948 to 1958, the U.S. conducted 43 nuclear tests on the Enewetak Proving Ground at Enewetak Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. [24] Paul Laird II, Atomic Veterans Cleanup, accessed June 3, 2019, https://www.atomiccleanupvets.com/roster-of-known-survivors/paul-laird-ii/. The servicemen who went to the more contaminated northern parts of Enewetak Atoll wore these film badges on a monthly basis. The meeting concluded with the AEC taking responsibility for conducting a radiological survey of the islands, the DoD conducting the cleanup operations, and Interior rehabilitating the land and resettling the people of Bikini and Enewetak. Between 1948 and 1958, the AEC, supported by the Armed Services, conducted six series of nuclear and thermonuclear weapons tests on the northern and northeastern islands of the atoll. The final plan called for (1) removing all radioactive and non-radioactive debris (equipment, concrete, scrap metal, etc. Most nuclear tests conducted on Enewetak Atoll were detonated in the northern reaches of the atoll and produced highly localized fallout contamination of neighboring islands and the atoll lagoon. 1. Testimony by Keith Kiefer, Director, National Association of Atomic 2. Published 7 years ago by Girard Frank Bolton, III. [4] Islanders Returning to Nuclear Test Atoll After an Exile of 33 Years, The New York Times, published April 6, 1980, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1980/04/06/111226898.html?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=ArticleEndCTA®ion=ArchiveBody&pgtype=article&pageNumber=12. "On our end of it, most of our guys are dead because of the cancers and all the ailments that come along with the radioactive materials that we ingested," Brownell said, adding that he had nothing in the way of protective gear. [46] A 2018 DTRA fact sheet showed 99.97% of urine samples were negative for plutonium intake. 1:09. I remember some kind of briefing, but the only thing I remember is watch out for sharks.[22] Army veteran Robert Celestial remembered catching and eating local fish, lobster, and octopus. Early analysis of Mike fallout debris showed the presence of two new isotopes of plutonium, plutonium-244 (244Pu) and plutonium-246 (246Pu), and lead to the discovery of the new heavy elements, Einsteinum and Fermium. The small island ofElugelab hosted the detonation of the very first thermonuclear device, the cryogenically-fueled Ivy Mike shot on Halloween 1952. Atom Waste: Worth Money To Bikinians? The New York Times. Of the 4,000 veterans who risked their lives on the radiological cleanup of Enewetak Atoll, only about ten percent are alive today. On a typical day, he said he would wear an outfit consisting of just combat boots, shorts, and a hat. After having lived in exile for 33 years, the people have now lived in the southern islands since 1980. Health Care Published April 11, 1977. https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/11/archives/us-resettles-75-on-pacific-atoll-evacuated-for-bomb-tests-in-40s-us.html?searchResultPosition=7. In 2001, he was diagnosed with stage-four non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and given only six months to live. Bikini Atoll was deemed too radioactive to clean and rehabilitate at that time. The DOI rehabilitation and resettlement plan also incorporated an agriculture program for the three islands slated to receive the Enjebi and Enewetak people. By clicking on the publication number, you can access electronic versions of the documents available as Adobe PDF files. Also, they were restricted access to contaminated islands to further minimize exposure to radiation. We are but a few of the Survivors of the 1977-1980 Enewetak Atoll Atomic Debris Cleanup Mission in the Marshall Islands. ENEWETAK ATOLL CLEANUP DOCUMENTS TThese documents provide information associated with the Department of Defense's radiological cleanup of Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Remember Enewetak! 3-16-1980 - Atomic Cleanup Vets . It's hot, hard work, shorts became the work uniform. If you are looking for the official source of information about the DoD Web Policy, please visit https://dodcio.defense.gov/DoD-Web-Policy/. "There was no running water you couldn't actually wash up. [35] Due to this, the DoD also issued thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) that measured ionizing radiation as a back up to the film badges. The folder also contained sheets on the history and cultural background of the people of Enewetak, a Enewetak Atoll fact sheet, a geological/marine biological sheet on the atoll itself, a brief on the World War II Battle of Enewetak, a Marshall Islands chronology, six 8 X 11 color photographs, and, finally, a 25-page bilingual (Ebon/English) full color bookletThe Enewetak Atoll Today, published by DOE in September 1979. [18] Fact Sheet Enewetak Operation, 9. DAVIS, JEFFREY. They are not included in the Federal denition of an "Atomic Veteran" in Section 1112 (c) (3) (B) of title 38, United States Code (see Exhibit 1) nor has the VA administration and/or law included them as "Occupational Exposure" Veterans. Enewetak: Where is it and why should you care? - Atomic Cleanup Vets U.S. Air Force plutonium cleanup mission near Palomares, Spain (1966). He is currently covered by the PACT Act, which is legislation aimed at improving funding and healthcare access for veterans who were exposed to toxins during their service that was signed by President Joe Biden in August. [19] Furthermore, a sprinkler system was in place to prevent the soil from becoming airborne during these types of operations. The Veterans participating in cleanup wore protective clothing and radiation dose measuring devices when needed, and had regular radiation checks. Published May 17, 1984. https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/17/world/bikini-islanders-seek-un-help-to-go-home.html?searchResultPosition=5. WILFORD, JOHN NOBLE, and SPECIAL TO THE NEW YORK TIMES. [32] Fact Sheet Enewetak Operation, 10. Call: 988 (Press 1), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs | 810 Vermont Avenue, NW Washington DC 20420. The Enewetak cleanup program was largely focued on the removal and containment of plutonium along with other heavy radioactive elements. He was sent to Lojwa Island by. Published December 2, 2018. https://www.enidnews.com/news/local_news/for-many-atomic-veterans-the-fight-for-benefits-continues/article_ad58025b-4205-512c-bd79-b5d5e7500d5b.html. The dri-Enewetak view their homeland location to be the center of the world. Enewetak quickly became a favored test site, beginning with Operation Sandstone in April and May of 1948. However, after the Hardtackseries of tests in 1958, the islands of the atoll were either uninhabitable due to radiological hazards or covered with testing infrastructure. Post Testing Era and Initial Cleanup Activities, Enewetak Atoll continued to be used for defense programs until the start of a cleanup and rehabilitation program in 1977. Dan was stationed in Coronado, CA where he met his wife Georgia Ann Prine and they married in 1973 in San Diego, CA. 2018. https://law.yale.edu/system/files/area/clinic/document/friends_of_the_earth_amicus_4.13.18.pdf. HUYGHE, PATRICK and DAVID KONIGSBERG. Being in the presence of plutonium does not necessarily cause harm to a living organism, since it undergoes alpha decay. According to protocol, there needed to be at least one air sampler during the earth-moving operation. Every day for six months, 24/7.[31]. A ground zero forgotten. The Washington Post. After filling the crater, a concrete dome cap was placed on top to remove any resuspension and inhalation threat.[16] Over the course of three years, an estimated 85,000 cubic meters of soil, concrete, and military equipment were cleaned from the island chain.[17]. More recently, the Department of Energy agreed to design and construct a radiological laboratory on Enewetak Island, and help develop the necessary local resources and technical expertise to maintain and operate the facility on a permanent basis. We had approximately 8300 personnel of which the military (Army, Air Force and Navy) supplied 4300. We're not gonna give up, and we're just gonna keep going and keep fighting," Brownell said. Welcome to the Defense Threat Reduction Agencys website. By the 1970s, under threat of legal action by island natives, the U.S. launched a haphazard and dangerous plan to clean it up. Enewetak Cleanup Project (ECUP) from 1977 to 1980.The purpose of the ECUP was to remove irradiated soil and debris so that the U.S. could return the islands to itsresidents. However, the VA bases its decision to award compensation on the veterans military records. So you're eating a baloney sandwich with dirty, contaminated hands, sitting in contaminated soil," Brownell said. [15] Dave Philipps, Troops Who Cleaned Up Radioactive Islands Cant Get Medical Care, The New York Times, published January 28, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/28/us/troops-radioactive-islands-medical-care.html. In 1958, the United States anticipated the acceptance of a call for suspension of atmospheric nuclear testing and assembled a large number of devices for testing before the moratorium came into effect. No Hate Speech or Bullying. [3] Rosa Salter Rodriguez, Veteran links health issues to Marshall Islands radiation, The Washington Times, published May 30, 2015. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/may/30/veteran-links-health-issues-to-marshall-islands-ra/. BERNSTEIN, RICHARD. [36] Fact Sheet Enewetak Operation, 10. [30] These activities increased the likelihood of inhaling or ingesting dangerous byproducts of nuclear explosions such as plutonium-239. Copyright 2022 by the Atomic Heritage Foundation. Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands was one of the venues for a series of atomic tests by the Americans in the middle part of the last century. visit VeteransCrisisLine.net for more resources. Published November 27, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2015/11/27/a-ground-zero-forgotten/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.c9833c6251ba. In 1962, these former residents of the atolls sued the US government, demanding either compensation for being forced from their homes or to be allowed to return. A Personal perspective by a participant of the Enewetak Atoll Clean-up Published May 1, 1994. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/01/magazine/bikinis-silver-lining.html?searchResultPosition=10. Second, the air samples taken indicated that the air was clean enough that the full-face mask respirators were deemed unnecessary, except on the island of Runit. Atomic Veterans - Extended and Expand RECA Act Thereafter, Enewetak Atoll became a significant anchorage for the U.S. Pacific Fleet, its large central lagoon acted as a safe sanctuary for hundreds of ships on a daily basis. For over a decade beginning not long after World War II, the US carried out dozens of nuclear weapons tests in the Marshall Islands a chain of islands and atolls in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Enewetak Atoll is 50 miles in circumference and comprises about 40 islets surrounding a large lagoon. tok An atoll in the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands in the west-central Pacific Ocean. When Tim Snider arrived on Enewetak Atoll in the middle of the Pacific Ocean to clean up the fallout from dozens of nuclear tests on the ring of coral islands, Army officers immediately. Seawater is infiltrating a nuclear waste dump on a remote Pacific atoll. PRI. Ken Brownell, who was a carpenter when he served in the military in the late 1970s, was sent to the Marshall Islands in 1977 to build a base camp for hundreds of soldiers assigned to cleanup operations. From 1948 to 1958, the U.S. conducted 43 nuclear tests on the Enewetak Proving Ground at Enewetak Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. 40 years later, a medal., [31] Willacy, It was supposed to be a trip to paradise, instead it sealed their fate.. Baenen recalled that he and other servicemen: were supposed to be in yellow suits, and they said so, but it was 132-degree daytime temperatures and guys were falling over. Community structures such as a council house, church, schoolhouse, dispensary, cooperative store, ministers residence, teachers residence, nursery, recreation building, playing fields, cistern, and sanitary facilities were provided in addition to the residences. ), (2) removing all soil that exceeded 14.8 Bq (400 pCi) of plutonium per gram of soil, (3) removing or amending soil between 1.48 and 14.8 Bq (40 and 400 pCi) of plutonium per gram of soil, determined on a case-by-case basis depending on ultimate land-use, and 4) disposing and stabilizing all this accumulated radioactive waste into a crater on Runit Island and capping it with a concrete dome. We are but a few of the Survivors of the 1977-1980 Enewetak Atoll Atomic Debris Cleanup Mission in the Marshall Islands. BANISHED BIKINIANS SUE U.S. FOR NUCLEAR CLEANUP. The New York Times. Radiological cleanup of Enewetak Atoll (1977- 1980). For example, David Roach was an Air Force technician who conducted scans of servicemen who transported debris and soil to Runit Island. The people of Enewetak remained on Ujelang Atoll until resettlement of Enewetak Island in 1980. The Enewetak Atoll was the site of 43 nuclear tests between 1946 and 1958. Some have even claimed that their children suffered from birth defects as a result of their time in Enewetak Atoll. Veterans who participated in the cleanup at Enewetak Atoll encountered low levels of radiological contamination, and have a low risk of health problems. [48] Willacy, It was supposed to be a trip to paradise, instead it sealed their fate., [49] Philipps, Troops Who Cleaned Up Radioactive Islands Cant Get Medical Care., [50] Willacy, It was supposed to be a trip to paradise, instead it sealed their fate.. [51] The Radiological Cleanup of Enewetak Atoll, 2. and the real truth about the protective gear. After his first day on Enewetak Atoll, he never saw one of those suits again and only wore shorts and a hat.[27]. [61] Jane McCarthy , Post Falls man wants to be Atomic Veteran, KREM, published March 2, 2016. https://www.krem.com/article/news/local/2-on-your-side/post-falls-man-wants-to-be-atomic-veteran/64859350. US Military Atomic Cleanup Crews Paid Heavy Price After Nuke Testing Enewetak Atoll- 850 miles west of Hawaii. [41] Leidos, Inc., Radiation Dose Assessment for Military Personnel of the Enewetak Atoll Cleanup Project (19771980), 123. Veterans who previously received the Atomic Veterans Service Certificate will automatically receive this new medal, but other Atomic Veterans or their next-of-kin can apply for the medal here: The AVSC is a Secretary of Defense initiative to recognize and honor more than half a million veterans who might have been exposed to radiation during the development of atomic bombs during World War II, the occupation of Hiroshima and Nagasaki immediately after the war, and atmospheric and underground testing of nuclear weapons during the Cold War. [16] Fact Sheet Enewetak Operation, 3-4. [21], However, the atomic veterans who worked on Enewetak Atoll tell a different story. Stay up to date with what you want to know. How Are Enewetak Atoll Cleanup Project Members Still Alive? A combined U.S. Army/U.S. If the veteran is a confirmed participant of these events, NTPR may provide either an actual or estimated radiation dose received by the veteran. Now you've got it into the fish life. Troops Who Cleaned Up Radioactive Islands Can't Get Medical Care WILFORD, JOHN NOBLE. The laboratory facility incorporates both a permanent whole body counting system, to assess radiation doses from internally deposited cesium-137, and clean living space for collecting in-vitro bioassay samples. Attn: RD-NTS (NTPR) [38], Lastly, a biodosimetry program, which included taking blood and urine samples, was implemented to monitor exposure to radiation. PDF The Radiological Cleanup of Enewetak Atoll - Defense Threat Reduction [39]Fact Sheet Enewetak Operation, 10. JUDGE REFUSES TO REJECT SUIT AGAINST U.S. BY BIKINI ISLAND. The New York Times. Bikinis Silver Lining. The New York Times. By mid-1975, the Energy Research and Development Agency (ERDA, the successor to the AEC) along with the DNA conducted a series of surveys to determine the work needed to ready the atoll for the return of all its people. Lost and Found Photographs from a Lojwa Animal The Nuclear Test Personnel Review (NTPR) program is a Department of Defense (DoD) program that confirms veteran participation in U.S. nuclear tests from 1945 to 1992, and the occupation forces of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. The Operations Office also developed several large databases to document radiological conditions before and after the cleanup operations, and to provide data to update available dose assessments. U.S. won't clean up Marshall Islands nuclear waste dome but wants it Published April 3, 2016. https://bangordailynews.com/2016/04/03/news/state/maine-veterans-suffering-from-cancer-hoping-that-atomic-veteran-bill-becomes-law/. The lack of protective gear available stemmed from two problems. The Dover resident was barely out of his teens when he, along . Today, all the atoll islands and the lagoon are accessible except for Runit Island, which remains quarantined. Published March 14, 1985. https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/14/us/reagan-supports-cleanup-of-atoll-contaminated-by-us-atom-tests.html?searchResultPosition=2. Insider spoke recently with one veteran who supported these efforts and said he was exposed to contaminants during his service. 3. The Nevada Operations Office of the Department of Energy was responsible for certification of radiological conditions of each island upon completion of the project. [12] Mark Willacy, It was supposed to be a trip to paradise, instead it sealed their fate, ABC, updated November 28, 2017. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-28/the-toxic-legacy-of-a-deadly-paradise/9168422. Enewetak Atoll Atomic Debris Cleanup Veterans | Mobile AL On March 1, 1954, the US military detonated a thermonuclear weapon at Bikini Atoll, producing an explosive yield 1,000 times greater than the atomic bomb that devastated Hiroshima, Japan. [54] Since many of the military records stated that the atomic veterans were not exposed, many of the claims are denied. NTPR-related historical volumes from U.S. underground nuclear tests. By JOHN NOBLE WILFORD APRIL 12, 1977 - New York Times ENEWETAK, Marshall Islands The boat had reached the other side of the lagoon at the shore of an island called Runit. [1] Some of the most notable operations included Operation Crossroads, which examined the effects of nuclear explosions on Navy ships; Operation Greenhouse, which focused on reducing the size and weight of an atomic bomb and decreasing the amount of fissile material used, while increasing the yield of the weapon; Operation Ivy, which tested the Teller-Ulam design for thermonuclear weapons; and Operation Castle, which tested the first deliverable hydrogen bomb. 40 years later, a medal, Green Bay Press Gazette, published October 26, 2018. https://www.greenbaypressgazette.com/story/news/2018/10/26/new-franken-marshall-islands-mike-gallagher/1748968002/. Their stories appear as told to T-M Fitzgerald(published author, veteran, veteran advocate) because theirs are . [1] Testing in the Pacific stopped due to a trilateral moratorium on testing among the United States, Soviet Union, and the UK. Exposure to Radiation during Military Service - Public Health Although the original project proposal looked to use contractors to perform the work, the slashing of the project budget in half meant that American servicemen (often perceived by civilian leaders as free labor) would be the ones conducting the restoration project. The government began planning the cleanup of Enewetak Atoll in the early 1970s, after deciding to return the atoll to the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Resettlement preparations occurred simultaneously with decontamination work so as to return the islanders to their atoll as soon as possible. Approximately 4,000 U.S. servicemen assisted in the cleanup operations, with 6 lives lost in accidents, in what became known as the Enewetak Radiological Support Project (DOE, 1982). Two detonations took place to the southwest, one inside the reef and one outside. In March of 1977, a small party of islanders returned to the uncontaminated island of Japtan, on the southeastern rim of the atoll. According . While special protective gear, such as suits and respirators, was available, the servicemen did not wear the gear for the majority of the time they were there. Succeeding tests used the Mike crater or were located close to it, resulting in a near-complete breach of the coral wall surrounding Enewetak. The bill was referred to the Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs, but beyond that, no other action was taken. The air samplers were placed downwind of the earth-moving operations to assess the potential hazards of contaminated dust becoming airborne. Approximately 68% of the 12,248 dosimeters were also issued, 99.97% of the readings were less than 0.042 rem. have hearing loss. The departments of Defense, Energy, and Interior were involved in this project. DTRA provides cross-cutting solutions to enable the Department of Defense, the United States Government, and international partners to deter strategic attack against the United States and its allies; prevent, reduce, and counter WMD and emerging threats; and prevail against WMD-armed adversaries in crisis and conflict. Some of them recalled being told that the radiation levels were low and would not cause any harm. A Visit to 'Ground Zero' - Runit Island Enewetak Atoll-Atomic Clean-up Construction on the Enewetak Radiological Laboratory was completed in May of 2001. However, the years leading up to the first uses of the new weapon over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki saw only one test of a device of which a great deal was not known. An additional 4 near-surface tests were conducted on towers as part of Operation Greenhouse during 1951. To access the menus on this page please perform the following steps. Photos from Ken Kasik - A Lojwa Animal - Atomic Cleanup Vets Jim Androl from the US Armys 84th Engineer Battalion recalled that they were ordered to walk around and pick up loose pieces, and just gather up whatever we could, throw it in a pile.[12] As for the soil contamination, there were two types: transuranics, or any element with an atomic number greater than 92 on the periodic table and long half-lives, and suburanics, or any element with an atomic number less than 92 and short half-lives. Mora, Kyla P. Veterans share frustrations at hearing on Agent Orange, radiation resolutions. Pacific Daily News. [36] In a survey conducted by the Atomic Cleanup Vets, an organization founded by veterans who cleaned up Enewetak, an anonymous veteran recalled that [i]n formation [he and others] were told high levels were being detected on film badges & dosimeters but not who had the high levels.[37] In Congressional testimony in 2016, Keith Kiefer, a US Air Force veteran, testified that he never received a film badge or dosimeter while working on Enewetak Atoll. [56] Philipps, Troops Who Cleaned Up Radioactive Islands Cant Get Medical Care.. [33] During this particular operation, only one-third of the air samplers were functional. Between 1980 and 1997, the resettled population was periodically monitored for internally deposited radionuclides by scientists from the Brookhaven National Laboratory using whole body counting and plutonium urinalysis (Sun et al., 1992; 1995; 1997a; 1997b). In the wake of the fighting, the natives living on the islands of Enewetak and Enjebi were evacuated first to Meck Island in order to make room for military and naval support facilities. Underground Nuclear Test History Reports, U.S. Nuclear Test Radiation Exposure Reports, Atomic Veterans Service Recognition Program, Veterans' Advisory Board on Dose Reconstruction, Mailing Address: Meng Applauds Passage of Legislation to Finally Provide Veterans Harmed }); 215,000 cubic yards of uncontaminated debris removed, 16,000 items of World War II ordnance disposed of, 6,000 cubic yards of radiologically contaminated debris removed to Runit Island and mixed with concrete in the, 105,000 cubic yards of radiologically contaminated soil removed to Runit Island and mixed with concrete in the, 30 atoll islands qualified as residential and subsistence agriculture islands, 7 atoll islands qualified as agriculture islands, 2 atoll islands qualified as food-gathering islands, Runit Island cleared of high levels of fission/fusion products, Total cost for the project for DoD was $86 million (including pay and subsistence of the servicemen on the project); for DOI the cost was $14 million; and for DOE the cost was $4 million for a total project cost of $104 million. Enewetak hosted by far the most detonations of any location in the PPG, and many of the 40 islands of the atoll took a pounding from the nuclear and thermonuclear yields. Nuclear Test Personnel Review - Defense Threat Reduction Agency [53], Atomic veterans who cleaned up Enewetak Atoll can apply individually for radiation exposure compensation. They pitched their tents on contaminated ground and used local water to wash their clothes. You dont get the job done with people dropping over, so everybody wore jungle fatigues cut off into shorts, T-shirts, combat boots, sunglasses and maybe boonie hats that was basically our safety equipment. Neal, James. Curtis, Abigail. Operation Sandstone commenced during April of 1948 and included 3 tests atop of 60 m high steel towers located separately on the islands of Enjebi, Aomen, and Runit. For many atomic veterans, the fight for benefits continues. Enid News & Eagle. Like Brownell, Grahlfs who was sent to the Marshal Islands in 1946 wrote in his December 2021 op-ed that he has suffered from health complications, including cancer, believed to be a result of his service. | LLNL-WEB-506535 | Contact Us All rights reserved. Copies of these historical volumes can also be found at numerous federal, state and local agencies throughout the United States, including many public and academic libraries. Hit enter to expand a main menu option (Health, Benefits, etc). 4 were here. Typically over 900 men worked on the decontamination project at one time, mostly service personnel with some contractors and civil service employees. Let's treat everyone with respect. [8] R.R. DTRA uses federal guidance, standard operating procedures, and standard methods in performing NTPR radiation dose assessments (RDA). On March 1, 1954, the US military detonated a thermonuclear weapon at Bikini Atoll, producing an explosive yield 1,000 times greater than the atomic bomb that devastated Hiroshima, Japan. [4] In 1972, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), the Department of Defense (DoD), and the Department of the Interior met to discuss the US approach to the cleanup. Monroe, letter to Paul G. Rogers, 1978, https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/3381783/Enewetak-All-Reasonalbe-Economies.pdf, 2. The Department of Veterans Affairs told Insider that the PACT Act covers a wide range of cancers for service members involved in the cleanup efforts, though a spokesperson but deferred specific questions about this work to the Department of Defense, which did not immediately respond to a request for comment. The first was the limited budget allocated to the cleanup..[28] The second was the heat. WILFORD, JOHN NOBLE. However, these records could not be found.[40]. During alpha decay, alpha particles (atoms with two protons and two neutrons) are released. There were five feasible approaches considered by the Defense Nuclear Agency (NDA, 1981) for cleanup of Enewetak Atoll. BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE FRIENDS OF THE EARTH IN SUPPORT OF APPELLANT, VICTOR B. SKAAR. Attorneys for Friends of the Earth.
enewetak atoll cleanup