It should make us realize that the stories we tell ourselves about our past are often very different from the reality, and we should have humility about that. When I asked him for examples, he mentioned the origin of white peoplelight-skinned people from Europe and parts of western Asia. The Kurgan hypothesis (also theory or model) is one of the proposals about early Indo-European origins, which postulates that the people of an archaeological "Kurgan culture" (a term grouping the Yamna, or Pit Grave, culture and its predecessors) in the Pontic steppe were the most likely speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language.The term is derived from kurgan (), a Turkic . In the east, the Saka occupied several areas in Xinjiang, from Khotan to Tumshuq. Dacians were the ancient inhabitants of Dacia, located in the area in and around the Carpathian Mountains and west of the Black Sea. [226][227] In particular various authors, like Marija Gimbutas, had noted important similarities between Proto-Villanova, the South-German Urnfield culture of Bavaria-Upper Austria[228] and Middle-Danube Urnfield culture. It extends along the area from the Taman Peninsula at the Kerch Strait to near the modern border of Dagestan and southwards to the Kura River. The Kurgan hypothesis is the most widely accepted proposal to - Reddit Far more work has gone into reconstructing it than any other proto-language and it is by far the most well-understood of all proto-languages of its age. [34] He points out: The Kurgan culture was so broadly defined that almost any culture with burial mounds, or even (like the Baden culture) without them could be included. The Phrygian language /frdin/ was the language spoken by the Phrygians in Asia Minor during Classical Antiquity (c.8th century BCE to 5th century CE). From ca.58005200 it was inhabited by the first phase of the Dnieper-Donets culture, a hunter-gatherer culture contemporaneous with the Bug-Dniestr culture. The Phrygians (gr. The evidence pointed to one conclusion: they were Mediterranean travellers who somehow got to Roopkund, where they died in a single, terrible event. [66] He observes that this change is facilitated by "systematic changes in community structure", in which a local community becomes incorporated in a larger social structure. [122] The Samara culture (early 5th millennium BCE),[note 15] north of the Khvalynsk culture, interacted with the Khvalynsk culture,[123] while the archaeological findings seem related to those of the Dniepr-Donets II culture. [43] The Khvalynsk culture (47003800 BCE)[120] (middle Volga) and the Don-based Repin culture (ca.39503300 BCE)[143] in the eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe, and the closely related Sredny Stog culture (c.45003500 BCE) in the western Pontic-Caspian steppe, preceded the Yamnaya culture (33002500 BCE). The Italic languages are a subfamily of the Indo-European language family originally spoken by Italic peoples. [45], Anthony (2017) relates the origins of the Corded Ware to the Yamnaya migrations into Hungary. Relationships to other language families, including the Uralic languages, have been proposed but remain controversial. Anthony additionally suggests that the proto-Indo-European language formed mainly from a base of languages spoken by Eastern European hunter-gatherers with influences from languages of northern Caucasus hunter-gatherers, in addition to a possible later, and minor, influence from the language of the Maikop culture to the south (which is hypothesized to have belonged to the North Caucasian family) in the later Neolithic or Bronze Age involving little genetic impact. Reich is a lean, fit man in his mid-forties who speaks with rapid, quiet precision. [82] According to Anthony, hunting-fishing camps from the lower Volga, dated 62004500 BCE, could be the remains of people who contributed the CHG-component, similar to the Hotu cave, migrating from northwestern Iran or Azerbaijan via the western Caspian coast. [1], The Indo-Hittite hypothesis postulates a common predecessor which both the Anatolian languages and the other Indo-European languages came from, called Proto-Indo-Hittite. The Globular Amphora culture stretched from central Europe to the Baltic sea, and emerged from the Funnelbeaker culture. One-third of three hundred, the lower estimate of the Roopkund dead, is a hundred people. [32][33][web 7][34][35][36], Migrations eastward from the Repin culture founded the Afanasevo culture[1][37] which developed into the Tocharians. [189] It developed east of the Carpathian mountains, south-eastern Central Europe, at around 33003200 BCE at the Dniestr river. The mobility of the Kurgan culture facilitated its expansion over the entire region and is attributed to the domestication of the horse followed by the use of early chariots. Then, at fifteen thousand feet, it goes over a pass and up a series of switchbacks through scree to Roopkund. (2015) confirms the migration of Yamnaya-people into western Europe, forming the Corded Ware culture. The term is derived from kurgan (), a Turkic loanword in Russian for a tumulus or burial mound. Joining these groups was attractive for local leaders, since it strengthened their position, and gave them additional advantages. The pilgrimage winds up through the foothills of the Trisul massif, where locals believe that the goddess lives with her husband, Shiva. [75] Accordingly, most of the inhabitants of Neolithic Europe would have spoken Indo-European languages, and later migrations would at best have replaced these Indo-European varieties with other Indo-European varieties. [web 17] Pre-Germanic may have been related to the Slavo-Baltic and Indo-Iranian languages, but reoriented towards the Italo-Celtic languages. The king, who liked his entertainments, took along a bevy of dancing courtesans and musicians, in violation of the ascetic traditions of the pilgrimage. It may be the longest and most dangerous pilgrimage in India, and a particularly perilous sectionthe Jyumra Gali, or Path of Deathruns along a ridge high above Roopkund. This paleoecological crisis had a significant effect on the economy of the tribes in the Late Catacomb and Post-Catacomb time stipulating their higher mobility and transition to the nomadic cattle breeding. [39][341] Around 175 BCE, the Yuezhi were utterly defeated by the Xiongnu, also former vassals of the Yuezhi. [47] It is understood as a migration of Yamnaya people to Europe, as military victors, successfully imposing a new administrative system, language and religion upon the indigenous groups, who are referred to by Gimbutas as Old Europeans. Under sterile conditions, the scientists in Hyderabad drilled into long bones and teeth, producing a powder. Herds needed to be moved frequently to feed them sufficiently, and the use of wagons and horse riding made this possible, leading to "a new, more mobile form of pastoralism". With written attestations appearing from the Bronze Age in the form of the Anatolian languages and Mycenaean Greek, the Indo-European family is significant in historical linguistics as possessing the second-longest recorded history, after the Afroasiatic family. The majority of the Yuezhi however migrated west to the Ili Valley, where they displaced the Sakas (Scythians). [119] The Dniepr-Donets culture kept cattle not only for ritual sacrifices, but also for their daily diet. "[208] Heyd confirms the close connection between Corded Ware and Yamna, but also states that "neither a one-to-one translation from Yamnaya to CWC, nor even the 75:25 ratio as claimed (Haak et al. A northern move incorporated the southern coast of Armorica. And if they are Greek people we should get some artifacts or tools or something which we can trace back to Greece., And what of Nanda Devi? [342], The Kassite language was not Indo-European. [19] Subsequent expansion beyond the steppes led to hybrid, or in Gimbutas's terms "kurganized" cultures, such as the Globular Amphora culture to the west. ", According to Damgaard et al. It is the DNA of billions of microbes that colonized the body during the decomposition after death. Everybody in the Roopkund B population is mature. And they were dumped in water. [271], The Dacians spoke the Dacian language, believed to have been closely related to Thracian, but were somewhat culturally influenced by the neighbouring Scythians and by the Celtic invaders of the 4thcentury BCE. [23] The question of further Indo-Europeanization of Central and Western Europe, Central Asia and Northern India during the Bronze Age is beyond the scope of the Kurgan hypothesis, and far more uncertain than the events of the Copper Age, and subject to some controversy. According to Gamkrelidze and Ivanov, PIE words for material culture objects imply contact with more advanced peoples to the south, the existence of Semitic loan-words in PIE, Kartvelian (Georgian) borrowings from PIE, some contact with Sumerian, Elamite and others. Kurgan - Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core These invasions led to EEF paternal DNA lineages in Europe being almost entirely replaced with EHG/WSH paternal DNA (mainly R1b and R1a). Any local males remaining must have been subjugated in a way that prevented them from fathering children, or were so strongly disfavored in mate selection over time that their genetic contribution was nullified. [232], Today the Romance languages, which comprise all languages that descended from Latin, are spoken by more than 800million native speakers worldwide, mainly in the Americas, Europe, and Africa. In other words, he adds, it wasn't a one-way trip.. 96 [deleted] 3 yr. ago This actually triggers me every time.. [1], The Kurgan hypothesis (also theory or model) argues that the people of an archaeological "Kurgan culture" (a term grouping the Yamnaya or Pit Grave culture and its predecessors) in the Pontic steppe were the most likely speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language. The Thuggees would dump people in water.. [165] Their eastern neighbors were the Donghu. [163] While the Yuezhi were pressuring the Xiongnu from the west, the Donghu were doing the same from the east. She told me, We hoped that after the paper was published someone would come forward with information that would help us determine what might have happened at Roopkundsome historian or a person with knowledge of a group of European travellers who vanished in the Himalayas around that time.. Indo-European Origins, Part II: The Nordic, Kurgan, and Anatolian [web 25][web 26][web 27] The Kassites were members of a small military aristocracy but were efficient rulers and not locally unpopular. It postulates that the people of a Kurgan culture in the Pontic steppe north of the Black Sea were the most likely speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language . Aside from a single iron spearhead, no weapons were found, and there was no trace of horses. Gimbutas believed that the expansions of the Kurgan culture were a series of essentially-hostile military incursions in which a new warrior culture imposed itself on the peaceful, matrilinear, and matrifocal (but not matriarchal) cultures of "Old Europe" and replaced it with a patriarchal warrior society,[26] a process visible in the appearance of fortified settlements and hillforts and the graves of warrior-chieftains: The process of Indo-Europeanization was a cultural, not a physical, transformation. In contrast, the indigenous groups of Old Europe had neither a warrior class nor horses. Fiedel contends that the mitochondrial DNA lineages and the Y-chromosomal DNA lineages of the Roopkund B group are rare or absent in the population of the Greek islands, but are relatively common in Armenians and other peoples of the Caucasus. In his standard work[12] about PIE and to a greater extent in a later abbreviated version,[13] Karl Brugmann took the view that the urheimat could not be identified exactly by the scholarship of his time, but he tended toward Schrader's view. Under a slab of rock, the team found the remains of a woman, bent double. The Kurgan Theory is based on ideas developed by the Anglo-Australian Marxist Vere Gordon Childe (1892-1957) and feminist Marija Gimbutas (1921-94) who, despite their undeniable expertise as archologists, actually created more confusion than solved problems in their field of ancient history. The Anatolian languages have also spurred a major re-evaluation of theories concerning the development of various shared Indo-European language features and the extent to which these features were present in PIE itself. It is the main competitor to the Kurgan hypothesis, or steppe theory, which enjoys more academic favor. The Italic languages, like Celtic ones, are split into P and Q forms: P-Italic includes Oscan and Umbrian, while Latin and Faliscan are included in the Q-Italic branch.[224]. It is now championed primarily by Hindu nationalists, whose religious sentiments have led them to regard the theory of Aryan migration with some asperity. Kurgan_hypothesis - bionity.com [251][252][253], The Balts or Baltic peoples (Lithuanian: baltai, Latvian: balti) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group who speak the Baltic languages, a branch of the Indo-European language family, which was originally spoken by tribes living in the area east of the Jutland peninsula in the west and west of Moscow and the Oka and Volga rivers basins in the east. (2017): "In the second millennium BC, humidization of the climate led to the divergence of the soil cover with secondary formation of the complexes of chestnut soils and solonetzes. [web 10][73] At the steppes, humidization led to a change of vegetation, triggering "higher mobility and transition to the nomadic cattle breeding". The enclave established in southern Brittany was linked closely to the riverine and landward route, via the Loire, and across the Gtinais valley to the Seine valley, and thence to the lower Rhine. "[126] See Suvorovo culture and Ezero culture for details. [23] Anthony notes that those Semitic borrowings may also have occurred through the advancement of Anatolian farmer cultures via the Danube valley into the steppe zone. However, this hypothesis, on which Gimbutas' Idyllic Goddess scenario depends, is far from the foregone conclusion that she . The generally accepted theory among linguists is that PIE speakers lived about five or six thousand years ago in the fourth millennium BCE in the steppes north of the Black and Caspian seas. The Maykop culture (37003000) emerges somewhat earlier in the northern Caucasus. "[206] In supplementary information to Haak et al. Invasion versus diffusion scenarios (1980s onward), Alignment with Anatolian hypothesis (2000s), harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAnthony1986 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAnthony1991 (, The New Encyclopdia Britannica, 15th edition, 22:587588, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMallory1991 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFCavalli-Sforza2000 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPiazzaCavalli-Sforza2006 (, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wrterbuch, "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia", "Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians", "The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia", "An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers", "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years", "The Indo-Europeanization of Europe: the intrusion of steppe pastoralists from south Russia and the transformation of Old Europe", "The Indo-European Homeland from Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives", Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstmme, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurgan_hypothesis&oldid=1149228162, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2021, Articles containing Russian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 40003500: The Pit Grave culture (a.k.a. In: J. Garry et al. The Thuggees would make off with kids, Fiedel said. "[30] According to them, the Hittites lacked steppe-ancestry, arguing that "the Anatolian clade of IE languages did not derive from a large-scale Copper Age/Early Bronze Age population movement from the steppe," contrary Anthony's proposal of a large-scale migration via the Balkan as proposed in 2007. Research by Haak et al. We have sampled three hundred different groups in India, and theres nothing there even close to Roopkund B.. [34], He does not include the Maykop culture among those that he considers to be Indo-European-speaking and presumes instead that they spoke a Caucasian language.[35]. The existence of PIE was first postulated in the 18th century by Sir William Jones, who observed the similarities between Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, and Latin. There are fewer cultural barriers to handling human biological materials than in many parts of the world, and Indian scientists have eagerly pursued research into the peopling of the subcontinent. [343] Around 130 BCE he attacked and utterly defeated the Yuezhi, settling the Wusun in the Ili Valley.[343]. David Anthony's "Revised Steppe theory", derived from Gimbutas' pioneering work,[1] placing the Indo-European homeland in the Pontic steppe, more specifically, between the Dniepr (Ukraine) and the Ural river (Russia), of the Chalcolithic period (4th to 5th millennia BCE),[75] where various related cultures developed. When it was first proposed in 1956, in The Prehistory of Eastern Europe, Part1, Gimbutas's contribution to the search for Indo-European origins was an interdisciplinary synthesis of archaeology and linguistics. Leo Klejn identifies proto-Thracians with the multi-cordoned ware culture that was pushed away from Ukraine by the advancing timber grave culture. The name derives from the village of Andronovo (.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}5553N 5542E / 55.883N 55.700E / 55.883; 55.700), where in 1914, several graves were discovered, with skeletons in crouched positions, buried with richly decorated pottery. BCE), then part of the central European Urnfield culture system (1300-750 BCE). He assumed (as did most scientists) that whites represented a stable lineage that had spread across western Eurasia tens of thousands of years ago and established a relatively homogeneous population. Herds needed to be moved frequently to feed them sufficiently, and the use of wagons and horse-back riding made this possible, leading to "a new, more mobile form of pastoralism". Even today, the Ychromosomes of almost all men of Western European ancestry have a high percentage of Yamnaya-derived genes, suggesting that violent conquest may have been widespread. This contrasts with the model of Indo-Aryan migration which posits that Indo-Aryan tribes migrated to India from Central Asia. Their Tocharian languages (a branch of the Indo-European family) are known from manuscripts from the 6th to 8th centuries CE, after which they were supplanted by the Turkic languages of the Uyghur tribes. David Anthony, an anthropologist at Hartwick College, who co-authored several of the earlier genetic studies but was not involved in the latest work, calls the new findings very convincing. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement and Your California Privacy Rights. [note 17] According to Sjgren et al. Nor was Roopkund a cemetery: most of the individuals were healthy and between eighteen and thirty-five years old. [140] It has been suggested that the Maykop people spoke a North Caucasian, rather than an Indo-European, language. As bizarre as the result seemed, it nonetheless matched an analysis of bone collagen that the Max Planck Institute and the Harvard lab had done on the same individuals, to determine their diet. A jumble of bones from a poorly curated storage area would not have the consistency of age, type, diet, and genetics displayed by the Roopkund B remains. Many of these invaders settled in Anatolia, in some cases causing the extinction of the Anatolian languages. But critics do exist and their objections can be summarized quite simply: Almost all of the arguments for invasion and cultural transformations are far better explained without reference to Kurgan expansions, and most of the evidence so far presented is either totally contradicted by other evidence, or is the result of gross misinterpretation of the cultural history of Eastern, Central, and Northern Europe.
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kurgan hypothesis debunked